Medicine (MEDICINE)

Courses

MEDICINE 9110 Fundamentals of Medical Practice I Credits: 5

Introduces students to professional values, attitudes and skills required to practice medicine competently. Develops student competence in basic communication, relationship-building and patient centered interviewing skills. Provides self-awareness and personal growth strategies that facilitate the acquisition of professional behavior affecting honesty and integrity, compassion and altruism, as well as the management of stress. Explores non-biological factors influencing health and the appreciation of different value systems and life styles. Promotes ethical considerations relating to professional behavior and student conduct as a forerunner to professional behavior. Emphasizes the team approach in solving medical problems through direct small group activities as part of weekly onsite docent experiences. Integrates patient interviews and examinations with sciences fundamental to clinical medicine.

MEDICINE 9115 Medical Terminology Credit: 1

1 credit hour/twice weekly each semester. Methodical introduction to the language of medicine and its usage in modern clinical documentation. Introduces word elements in a logical, graduated sequence correlated with laboratory practice. Encourages skills in etymological analysis based on the word elements presented to facilitate interpretation of composite medical terms.

MEDICINE 9120 Fundamentals of Medical Practice II Credits: 5

Introduces students to professional values, attitudes and skills required to practice medicine competently. Develops student competence in basic communication, relationship-building and patient centered interviewing skills. Provides self-awareness and personal growth strategies that facilitate the acquisition of professional behavior affecting honesty and integrity, compassion and altruism, as well as the management of stress. Explores non-biological factors influencing health and the appreciation of different value systems and life styles. Promotes ethical considerations relating to professional behavior and student conduct as a forerunner to professional behavior. Emphasizes the team approach in solving medical problems through direct small group activities as part of weekly onsite docent experiences. Integrates patient interviews and examinations with sciences fundamental to clinical medicine.

MEDICINE 9210 Fundamentals Of Medical Practice III Credits: 5

5 credit hours, 3 hours per week onsite, 2 hours lecture. Reinforces important concepts in diversity and professionalism. Continues the team approach in solving medical problems through direct small group activities as part of weekly onsite docent experience.

MEDICINE 9220 Fundamentals Of Medical Practice IV Credits: 5

5 credit hours, 3 hours per week onsite, 2 hours lecture. Reinforces important concepts in diversity and professionalism. Continues the team approach in solving medical problems through direct small group activities as part of weekly onsite docent experiences. Integrates patient interviews and examinations with sciences fundamental to clinical medicine, including biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and social sciences. Exposes students to a series of interviews with seasoned professionals who address issues of professionalism and career development.

MEDICINE 9221 Clinical and Research Experience Credit: 1

This course offers experiences to teach the roles of the modern physician, including clinical team participation, research, community health, and advocacy. First, students will be introduced to varying types of medical research and data analysis. Additionally, by promoting the understanding of roles in patient care, students will learn to communicate effectively among health care professionals, assist with non-physician duties, and comprehend the structure of hospital authority. Lastly, through these skills, students will learn how to understand local health-related concerns and practice advocacy appropriately within their professional and personal communities. [1 Credit Hour]

MEDICINE 9308 Clinical Practice of Medicine I Credits: 3

Basic communication/clinical examination skills will be taught in the classroom with skills workshops. Students will learn to enhance their communication skills with patients and their families aligned with a systems-based approach to the physical examination. Students will also begin to practice complaint-based histories and a review of systems to prepare them for their Year 3 Continuing Care Clinic Clerkship and clinical decision-making. Students will practice communication and interpersonal skills in small groups and also have the opportunity to practice examination skills in workshops, with standardized patients, and linked to their experiences in the Continuing Care Clinic clerkship.

Prerequisites: Successful completion of HSF III, and enrollment in HSF IV.

MEDICINE 9309 Clinical Practice of Medicine II Credits: 5

Advanced communication/physical examination skills will be taught in the classroom with communication skills workshops. Students will learn/practice skills to communicate/examine patients aligned with a systems-based pathophysiology approach. Students will learn/practice a complaint-based H&P exam by system aligned to their objectives in the Pathology II: Pathophysiology course. Students will learn/develop skills in clinical diagnosis and decision-making by system that includes instruction/practice on more advanced physical examination skills. Students will practice communication and interpersonal skills in small groups and also have the opportunity to practice examination skills in workshops, with standardized patients, and linked to their experiences in the Continuing Care Clinic.

Prerequisites: Successful completion of HSF III, and enrollment in HSF IV.

MEDICINE 9310 History of Medicine Credit: 1

In this course students will learn the ways disease has altered history and that conceptions of disease undergo constant change. Topics covered include diseases and their relationships to other medical sciences, as well as the historical and scientific developments which led to our present understanding of diseases and medicine.

MEDICINE 9312 Pathology I: General Pathology, Genetics, and Immunology Credits: 10

Students will learn and be able to apply basic science education in the clinical practice of medicine. This application includes the areas of gross and microscopic anatomy, biochemistry, genetics, pathophysiology, and immunology. Students will develop a basic understanding of laboratory tests. They will develop competency in clinical diagnosis based on pathologic findings related to anatomic pathology, laboratory medicine and pathophysiology. Course materials will also cover prevention of disease and disability, global health issues, forensic medicine and pathology, age and gender-related issues in pathology and medicine, and appropriate utilization of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Services.

MEDICINE 9313 Pathology II: Systems-Based Pathology and Pathophysiology Credits: 11

Students will learn and apply basic science education in the clinical practice of medicine through systems-based teaching about disease. This application includes the areas of biochemistry, genetics, pathophysiology, and medical microbiology. Students will expand their understanding of basic laboratory tests with a focus on interpretation and gain familiarity with more complex or specialized laboratory tests, enhancing their abilities in test selection and interpretation. They will also begin to approach a multi-system health problem in terms of its pathogenesis, the mechanisms of systemic interactions, and consequent/subsequent potential complications. Content areas emphasized include cardiovascular, lymphatic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, and genitorurinary systems.

MEDICINE 9383 Continuing Care Clinic Credits: 0-5

Provides ambulatory and continuous care experience in general medicine clinics. The docent teams are assigned to a clinic in which students see and follow a panel of patients on a continuous basis for up to four years, where necessary, under the supervision of docents. Provides continuity of care from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient care, allowing longitudinal experience for the student and personalized care for the patients. Allows students to observe the natural progression of disease and experience the rewards and challenges of an ongoing doctor-patient relationship.

MEDICINE 9385 Introduction to Pharmacology Credits: 2

Consists of self-paced, independent learning, computer-based instruction. Introductory principles of pharmacology are covered that provide students with basic knowledge and skills necessary for upcoming didactic and clinical curriculum. Students become familiar with drug information resources, pharmaceutical calculations, and prescription writing skills, and learn basic mechanisms of drug action, preventive therapeutics and pharmacokinetic principles.

MEDICINE 9387 Extended Clinic I Credits: 0-5

MEDICINE 9390 Clinical Correlations Credits: 5

5 credit hours. Case-based discussions provided by clinicians that serve to reinforce basic science concepts provided during BMS 9296, BMS 9297, and BMS 9298.

MEDICINE 9401 Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 4 Credits: 10

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as a integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, and Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in a junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations.

MEDICINE 9401BR Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 4 Credits: 5

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as a integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, and Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in a junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations. This section is a single four-week block of the rotation.

MEDICINE 9408 Pharmacology Credits: 10

Introduces the study of the interaction of drugs with biological systems. Provides the medical student with relevant basic pharmacology of the model drugs under clinical investigation and in use today. Includes extensive small group activities.

MEDICINE 9471 Family Medicine Credits: 5

Exposes students to the unique specialty that focuses on the family. Students experience the act of medicine as well as science, working with patients in the context of their family and community. Includes care of the child, the adolescent, pregnant women, young and middle aged adults, and the elderly. Addresses ambulatory medicine, prevention and health maintenance.

MEDICINE 9472 Behavioral Science in Medicine Credits: 5

Teaches the basic taxonomy, assessment methods and treatment interventions of chemical dependence and major psychiatric disorders. Serves as preparation for the psychiatry rotation. Examines relevant ethical issues commonly faced in current medical practice. Utilizes case studies and a problem-centered approach in addition to clinical experience including home health care visits, supervised interviewing, and time on an inpatient chemical dependency unit. Challenges the student to achieve an integrated theoretical understanding of various approaches in behavioral sciences as a background for meeting patients needs. Teaches communication skills including education of older patients.

MEDICINE 9482 Patient, Physician, Society I Credits: 2

Introduces students to a 7-week unit emphasizing medical decision making. Introduces students to a 6-week unit which focuses on public health. Activities include lecture, problem sets, small group projects.

MEDICINE 9483 Continuing Care Clinic Credits: 0-5

Provides ambulatory and continuous care experience in general medicine clinics. The docent teams are assigned to a clinic in which students see and follow a panel of patients on a continuous basis for up to four years, where necessary, under the supervision of docents. Provides continuity of care from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient care, allowing longitudinal experience for the student and personalized care for the patients. Allows students to observe the natural progression of disease and experience the rewards and challenges of an ongoing doctor-patient relationship.

MEDICINE 9483RC Year Four Repeat Clinic Credits: 5

Prerequisites: MEDICINE 9383.

MEDICINE 9484 Patient, Physician, Society II Credits: 2

Introduces students to a unit emphasizing medical ethics and palliative care. Activities include lecture, small group sessions, and assigned readings.

MEDICINE 9485 Ambulatory Care Pharmacology Credits: 2

Consists of a self-paced, independent learning, computer-based instruction. Focuses on integration of patient-related data with basic science data. Students obtain skills in assessing patient risk or disease staging and selecting appropriate pharmacotherapy based on such information. The selected topics focus on outpatient pharmacotherapy of common disease states for which there are established treatment guidelines, such as hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, asthma, pain, and hyperlipidemia.

MEDICINE 9487 Extended Clinic II Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9500 Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship Credits: 20

The Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC) is a unique training experience required for students at the St. Joseph campus of the University of Missouri – Kansas City School of Medicine. The LIC provides an opportunity for students to develop a multitude of competencies in the setting of a rural primary care practice. Students will learn medicine through a patient-centered model of care that allows the student to engage with the entire health care system to fully understand a multi-disciplinary approach to “whole-illness” management.

MEDICINE 9501 Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 5 Credits: 10

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as an integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in the junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations.

MEDICINE 9501BR Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 5 Credits: 5

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as a integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, and Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in a junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations. This section is a single four-week block of the rotation.

MEDICINE 9503 Pediatrics Rotation Credits: 10

This eight-week rotation is designed to help students master t skills necessary in assessing normal and abnormal development and behavioral variation in the newborn, infant and child in the outpatient clinical setting. History-taking and physical examination of infants, children and adolescents are emphasized.

MEDICINE 9503BR Peds Rotation Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9505 General Surgery Rotation Credits: 10

Introduces students to the field of general surgery. Emphasizes the indications, contraindications, types of operative management, and the mortality and morbidity of various operations. Involves the student in several different kinds of learning experiences, such as preoperative and postoperative care, work in the operating room, outpatient clinic visits, night call, student conferences and resident conferences. Covers skills in surgical scrub, putting on gown and gloves, knot tying, vena puncture, proctoscopy, and suturing of the skin. Students assist in performing skills such as insertion of CVP catheters, insertion of a chest tube, thoracentesis, paracentesis and Swan-Ganz catheters.

MEDICINE 9506 Obstetrics-Gynecology Rotation Credits: 10

Provides the student with an opportunity to gain basic competence in obstetrics and gynecology, including proficiency in the history and physical examination related to the obstetric and gynecologic patient. Emphasizes outpatient gynecology, family planning and techniques for early detection of gynecologic cancer. Provides basic information in reproductive physiology and endocrinology, infertility, gynecologic oncology, and the psychologic aspect of diseases of women. Covers concepts of prenatal care and fundamentals of normal labor and delivery, and pregnancy complications.

MEDICINE 9506BR Obset-Gynecol Rotation Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9514 Medicine, War & Bioethics Credits: 5

This course considers the continually evolving relationship between medicine, war, and the arts, from the slaughter of the American Civil War (1861-65) to today's conflicts in Iraq. Our focus is on the extraordinary difficult medical and ethical decisions faced by physicians in times of war, and the ways in which those experiences are reflected in the arts. Topics include the effects of disease on armies, biological warfare, the development of ambulance and hospital services in the Civil War, battlefield medicine, the diagnosis and treatment of shellshock victims in WWI, chemical warfare, the pioneering of plastic surgery, triage techniques in WWII, nuclear warfare, and the personal experiences of physicians in the Vietnam and Iraq wars.

MEDICINE 9515 Medicine and Music Credits: 5

This course will explore ways in which music and medicine interact, including the following topics: therapeutic applications of music (music therapy), current research on how the brain processes music, the treatment of medical themes (including illness and disease, patients, physicians, and human experimentation) in musical works, and how certain composers' medical conditions affected their creative output.

MEDICINE 9515A1 Independent Readings Month Credits: 0-5

Independent Readings Month

MEDICINE 9516 Medicine and Film Credits: 5

Movies are narratives that record, instruct, motivate, entertain and transform. This course investigates the ways in which physicians, patients, and medical students have been portrayed in Hollywood films over the course of the twentieth and the early twenty-first centuries. Compassion, idealism, and heroism were common traits in early doctor movies but there was also a recurrent theme of the greedy callous doctor who valued research over patient welfare, and profits over ethics. We discuss how films reflected, changed, and molded perceptions of physicians and patients in the past, and examine what contemporary portrayals of the medical profession can tell us about the expectations and fears of patients today.

MEDICINE 9517 Medicine and Literature Credits: 5

The aim of this course is to engage students in the process of self-reflection about their roles as health care professionals through the lens of literature. Reading about the ways in which people interact with professionals, patients, and disease can enrich our understanding of cultural, economic, and social issues. Medical literature is a diverse field and it increases our awareness of the different reactions to medicine and illness. This course is intended to improve our empathy for patients and peers.

MEDICINE 9518 Medicine, Law and Bioethics Credits: 5

This course provides the basic doctrines and principles of the law that form the foundation for legally and ethically sound medical practice. It includes the comprehensive coverage of the history of legal medicine in the United States and the dynamics of law applied to the practice of medicine. Current developments in the U.S. health care delivery and in the field of bioethics are identified along with the impact on practice of medicine. Lecture, discussion, and writing about legal and ethical issues related to the practice of medicine prepares students in Year 5 and Year 6 to assume the legal and ethical responsibilities of the M.D. degree. This course fulfills the requirement for a Medical Humanities course in year 5 or year 6.

MEDICINE 9519 Medicine and Philosophy Credits: 5

The class is constructed on three premises. First, everyone is a philosopher. Second, philosophy is not passive, it is an activity. In class, we will do philosophy. Students will be given some basic philosophic tools and they will then be asked to critically examine, refine and sharpen their thinking. Third, the practice of medicine requires critical and creative thinking. Students must acquire voluminous knowledge and information. Philosophy addresses wisdom, how to apply the knowledge and information wisely.

Prerequisites: Must be a professional student in the UMKC School of Medicine.

MEDICINE 9570 Family Medicine Preceptorship Credits: 5

Provides work experience with a rural Missouri physician. Helps students understand the responsibilities and importance of family physicians in the provision of health care. Provides continuing emphasis on the need for and importance of family practice.

MEDICINE 9571 Psychiatry Rotation Credits: 5

Gives each medical student a clinical assignment that involves responsibility for patient care under supervision on the adult inpatient service and experience in the clinic. Includes seminars in psychopathology, psychiatric syndromes, mechanisms of defense, psychopharmacology, drug and alcohol abuse and specific psychosocial assessment.

MEDICINE 9578 Medicine and Art Credits: 5

Lecture, discussion.

MEDICINE 9583 Continuing Care Clinic Credits: 0-5

Provides ambulatory and continuous care experience in general medicine clinics. The docent teams are assigned to a clinic in which students see and follow a panel of patients on a continuous basis for up to four years, where necessary, under the supervision of docents. Provides continuity of care from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient care, allowing longitudinal experience for the student and personalized care for the patients. Allows students to observe the natural progression of disease and experience the rewards and challenges of an ongoing doctor-patient relationship.

MEDICINE 9583RC Year Five Repeat Clinic Credits: 5

Monthlong course in which students repeat or complete outstanding requirements of Year 5 Continuing Care Clinic.

MEDICINE 9585 Prescribing for Special Populations Credits: 2

Consists of a self-paced, independent learning, computer-based instruction. Teaches principles of prescribing for special populations. Students learn to recognize special patients and to assess risks and benefits and individualize drug therapy in special patient situations. The course addresses concepts of pharmacology in five commonly-encountered special populations: pediatrics, elderly, patients with liver or kidney disease, and pregnant or breast-feeding patients.

MEDICINE 9587 Extended Clinic III Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9594 Medicine and Body Image Credits: 5

Lecture, discussion, writing about ethical issues related to death.

MEDICINE 9601 Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 6 Credits: 10

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as an integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, and Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in a junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations.

MEDICINE 9601BR Internal Medicine/Docent Instruction Yr 6 Credits: 5

Students spend this eight-week rotation on the medical wards, each working as a integral member of a docent team that includes the docent, residents and attending health care staff. Year 3 and 5, and Year 4 and 6 students are paired together in a junior-senior partnership. Rounds, conference and consultations. This section is a single four-week block of the rotation.

MEDICINE 9678 Emergency Medicine Credits: 5

Emphasizes principles, concepts and skills necessary for the initial evaluation and care of medical and surgical emergencies. Teaches management of simple lacerations, burns, contusions, sprains, and infections, and recognition of life threatening emergencies and initiation of emergency care in response.

MEDICINE 9683 Continuing Care Clinic Credits: 0-5

Provides ambulatory and continuous care experience in general medicine clinics. The docent teams are assigned to a clinic in which students see and follow a panel of patients on a continuous basis for up to four years, where necessary, under the supervision of docents. Provides continuity of care from inpatient hospitalization to outpatient care, allowing longitudinal experience for the student and personalized care for the patients. Allows students to observe the natural progression of disease and experience the rewards and challenges of an ongoing doctor-patient relationship.

MEDICINE 9685 Rational and Safe Drug Prescribing Credits: 2

Consists of self-paced, independent learning, computer-based instruction. Teaches principles of clinical pharmacology that will assist the student in responsibly prescribing medications. Students develop skills in making informed clinical decisions through studying topics such as literature evaluation, medication errors, adverse drug reactions, drug allergies, drug interactions, overdose management, alternative therapies, and therapeutic drug monitoring.

MEDICINE 9687 Extended Clinic IV Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9714A2 Step Exam Board Preparation Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9715A1 Independent Readings Month Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9716A1 Independent Study Month Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9732 Academic-Biomedical and Health Informatics Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9816C11 Family Practice Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Sub-internship in Family Medicine

MEDICINE 9818-C11 Special Topics - Community and Family Medicine Credits: 5

Special Topics - Community and Family Medicine

MEDICINE 9818-C21 Special Topics - Internal Medicine Credits: 5

Special Topics - Internal Medicine

MEDICINE 9818-C31 Special Topics - Neurology/Psychiatry Credits: 5

Special Topics - Neurology/Psychiatry

MEDICINE 9818-C41 Special Topics-OB/GYN REI SUB-I Credits: 5

Special Topics-OB/GYN REI SUB-I

MEDICINE 9818-C51 Special Topics - Pathology Credits: 5

Special Topics - Pathology

MEDICINE 9818-C61 Special Topics - Pediatrics Credits: 5

Special Topics - Pediatrics

MEDICINE 9818-C71 Special Topics - Radiology Credits: 5

Special Topics - Radiology

MEDICINE 9818-C81 Special Topics - Surgery Credits: 5

Special Topics - Surgery

MEDICINE 9818-C91 Special Topics - Miscellaneous Credits: 5

Special Topics - Miscellaneous

MEDICINE 9818-C92 Special Topics - Miscellaneous Credits: 5

Special Topics - Miscellaneous

Prerequisites: SOM Student

MEDICINE 9842-C21 Internal Medicine Sub-Internship Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9850-C31 Neurology Sub-Internship Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9852 Neurology Intensive Care Credits: 5

Intensive care in Neurology

Prerequisites: Must be a School of Medicine student.

MEDICINE 9870C41 Obstetrics and Gynecology - Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Obstetrics and Gynecology - Sub-Internship.

MEDICINE 9898-C61 Internal Medicine/Pediatrics-Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Internal Medicine/Pediatrics-Sub-Internship.

Prerequisites: Successful completion of the core Internal Medicine and Pediatrics clerkships.

MEDICINE 9899-C61 Internal Medicine Pediatrics Clinic Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9921-C61 Pediatrics Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Pediatrics Sub-Internship.

MEDICINE 9922-C61 Neonatal Intensive Care Sub-Internship Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9923-C61 Pediatrics-Rehabilitation Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9924-C61 Pediatrics-Dermatology Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9925-C61 Pediatrics-Opthalmology Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9926-C61 Pediatrics-Genetics Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9927-C61 Pediatrics-Neurology Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9928-C61 Pediatrics-Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9929-C61 Pediatrics-Plastic Surgery Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9930-C61 Pediatrics-Orthopedic Surgery Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9940-C61 Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology Credits: 5

Pediatrics-Allergy and Immunology.

Prerequisites: Must be a School of Medicine Student.

MEDICINE 9945-C81 Anesthesiology-Sub-Internship Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9972-C81 Surgery-General Sub-Internship Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9973-C81 Surgery Orthopedics Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Surgery Orthopedics Sub-Internship.

MEDICINE 9974-C81 Surgery Neurological Sub-Internship Credits: 5

Surgery Neurological Sub-Internship.

MEDICINE 9975-C81 Surgery-Trauma Credits: 5

Surgery-Trauma

Prerequisites: Must be an SOM student

MEDICINE 9976-C81 Surgery - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Credits: 5

MEDICINE 9977-C81 Surgical Oncology Credits: 5

Elective in Surgical Oncology.

MEDICINE 9985 Miscellaneous - Medical Clinical Nutrition Credits: 5

Build upon basic (biochemistry/physiology) and clinical science knowledge and skills in order to be able to perform nutrition assessments in children/adults, counsel patients and families on nutrition, order medical nutrition therapy, work with multidisciplinary teams, and appropriately refer for specialized nutrition/feeding services. The elective utilizes didactic instruction, case studies, team projects, individual assignments, and outside reading combined with clinical/community experiences to facilitate student acquisition of knowledge/skills. Gain an appreciation of nutritional therapy from both the clinician and patient/family perspective. Didactic sessions, case studies, and clinical experiences are designed to augment students’ outside reading of assigned and suggested references.